Cuộc sống ở thế giới này trở thành nguy hiểm không phải vì những kẻ xấu ác, mà bởi những con người vô cảm không làm bất cứ điều gì trước cái ác. (The world is a dangerous place to live; not because of the people who are evil, but because of the people who don't do anything about it.)Albert Einstein
Ta sẽ có được sức mạnh của sự cám dỗ mà ta cưỡng lại được. (We gain the strength of the temptation we resist.)Ralph Waldo Emerson
Nếu bạn muốn những gì tốt đẹp nhất từ cuộc đời, hãy cống hiến cho đời những gì tốt đẹp nhất. (If you want the best the world has to offer, offer the world your best.)Neale Donald Walsch
Nếu muốn tỏa sáng trong tương lai, bạn phải lấp lánh từ hôm nay.Sưu tầm
Nếu quyết tâm đạt đến thành công đủ mạnh, thất bại sẽ không bao giờ đánh gục được tôi. (Failure will never overtake me if my determination to succeed is strong enough.)Og Mandino
Ngu dốt không đáng xấu hổ bằng kẻ không chịu học. (Being ignorant is not so much a shame, as being unwilling to learn.)Benjamin Franklin
Từ bi và độ lượng không phải là dấu hiệu của yếu đuối, mà thực sự là biểu hiện của sức mạnh.Đức Đạt-lai Lạt-ma XIV
Kẻ thất bại chỉ sống trong quá khứ. Người chiến thắng là người học hỏi được từ quá khứ, vui thích với công việc trong hiện tại hướng đến tương lai. (Losers live in the past. Winners learn from the past and enjoy working in the present toward the future. )Denis Waitley
Người hiền lìa bỏ không bàn đến những điều tham dục.Kẻ trí không còn niệm mừng lo, nên chẳng bị lay động vì sự khổ hay vui.Kinh Pháp cú (Kệ số 83)
Không thể dùng vũ lực để duy trì hòa bình, chỉ có thể đạt đến hòa bình bằng vào sự hiểu biết. (Peace cannot be kept by force; it can only be achieved by understanding.)Albert Einstein
Hoàn cảnh không quyết định nơi bạn đi đến mà chỉ xác định nơi bạn khởi đầu. (Your present circumstances don't determine where you can go; they merely determine where you start.)Nido Qubein
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When Christopher Columbus sailed west from Spain in 1492, he was trying to reach the
Spice Islands (which today are called Indonesia). Spices were very scarce and valuable
in Europe at this time. No one knew that two vast oceans and the American continents
lay between Europe and Asia. Columbus did not find spices in America, but he did bring
home some gold trinkets. The American Indians wore these as jewellery. Gold, not spices,
was to become the biggest motive for exploration.
Expeditions into the interior of the Americas were very costly and very risky. Only by
promising the authorities huge profits could sailors and soldiers raise money for their
expeditions. They also needed to promise rich rewards in order to get followers and
crews. If a leader returned to Europe without gold and jewels, he might end up in jail. No
wonder the Spanish conquerors were always searching for gold.
At first, the Spaniards stayed around the coasts of the Caribbean Sea, but stories of gold
in the interior tempted them to explore inland. They asked the Indians where their gold
jewellery came from. The Indians would point further inland. They said that a wealthy
people lived in the high mountains that traded gold and emeralds for pearls, cotton and
shells.
The Spanish Emperor had given the rights to exploit presentday Venezuela and
Colombia to his German bankers in 1528. So GermansDalfinger, Federmann and
Hohermuthled a series of expeditions into the jungles, grasslands and mountains.
Meanwhile, Spanish conquerors had found immense riches in gold and silver. Hernando
Cortes had captured the Kingdom of the Aztecs in Mexico in 1519. He had sent immense
treasures to Europe. Soon after this, Francesco Pizarro began to explore the west coast
of South America. In 1531, Pizarro invaded Peru and destroyed the Kingdom of the Incas.
Pizarro melted down the gold and silver treasures of the Incas, and sent gold and silver
bricks back to Spain. The rush to find more gold became very heated.
Rumours came down from the mountains of Colombia about a golden man el hombre
Dorado. There were stories about a king so rich that he wore gold dust instead of a coat.
Colombia was the Kingdom of the Chibchas. They were a trading people who traded salt
and emeralds for gold, cotton, pearls, and shells. The actual gold did not come from their
kingdom. It was found in the mountain rivers, and brought to the Chibchas for refining
and metalwork.
Several armies converged on Chibcha territory. The first to arrive was the Spaniard
Quesada, coming up the Magdalene River from the Caribbean. He found the chief cities
of the Chibchas and seized their gold and emeralds. Shortly afterwards, one of Pizarro's
captains arrived from Peru and Ecuador. Then the German Federmann arrived from
Venezuela. Quesada gave the latecomers some gold and jewels to ease their
disappointment.
Quesada's men also found out about the Golden Man. High in the mountains was a lake
created by a meteorite. The Indians believes that the 'golden god' from the sky now lived
at the bottom of the lake. When a new leader of the tribe was elected, he was covered in
grease, and fine gold dust was blown over his body so that he appeared to be made of
gold. He was taken out to the middle of the lake on a raft. He would jump into the lake,
and stay in the water till the gold dust was washed off. It was considered an offering to
the god. Gold ornaments were also tossed in the lake. Then the king and his followers
would return to the shore. This ceremony was stopped several generations before the
Europeans arrived.
Many people were unwilling to believe that this was the whole story. They began to
search for a golden city hidden in the jungle. Many explorers perished in this search.
In their search for gold, the Spanish conquerors destroyed the great Indian civilizations
of America. Towns and villages had been ruined, thousands of people killed and
wonderful pieces of art melted down. Some Indians believed that gold must be a food
that Europeans desperately needed to stay alive. In many cases, the Europeans
destroyed the trading and social systems that had produced their wealth. When we think
about the great achievements of a few conquerors and explorers, we are also sad about
how much death and damage they caused.
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Viên Hiếu Thành Huệ Lộc 1959 Bữu Phước Chúc Huy Minh Pháp Tự minh hung thich Diệu Âm Phúc Thành Phan Huy Triều Phạm Thiên Trương Quang Quý Johny Dinhvinh1964 Pascal Bui Vạn Phúc Giác Quý Trần Thị Huyền Chanhniem Forever NGUYỄN TRỌNG TÀI KỲ Dương Ngọc Cường Mr. Device Tri Huynh Thích Nguyên Mạnh Thích Quảng Ba T TH Tam Thien Tam Nguyễn Sĩ Long caokiem hoangquycong Lãn Tử Ton That Nguyen ngtieudao Lê Quốc Việt Du Miên Quang-Tu Vu phamthanh210 An Khang 63 zeus7777 Trương Ngọc Trân Diệu Tiến ... ...
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Viên Hiếu Thành Huệ Lộc 1959 Bữu Phước Chúc Huy Minh Pháp Tự minh hung thich Diệu Âm Phúc Thành Phan Huy Triều Phạm Thiên Trương Quang Quý Johny Dinhvinh1964 Pascal Bui Vạn Phúc Giác Quý Trần Thị Huyền Chanhniem Forever NGUYỄN TRỌNG TÀI KỲ Dương Ngọc Cường Mr. Device Tri Huynh Thích Nguyên Mạnh Thích Quảng Ba T TH Tam Thien Tam Nguyễn Sĩ Long caokiem hoangquycong Lãn Tử Ton That Nguyen ngtieudao Lê Quốc Việt Du Miên Quang-Tu Vu phamthanh210 An Khang 63 zeus7777 Trương Ngọc Trân Diệu Tiến ... ... ... ...