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Pāli Primer

Lily de Silva, M.A., Ph.D.
University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

 Note: VU-Times font (Viet-Pali Unicode) is used in this document

Lesson XXX

Lesson 8

1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)

Vocative Case: The uninflected nominal base is used as the vocative singular.

The case ending -ā is added to form the vocative plural.

Singular:

1. nara (O man)
2. mātula (O uncle)
3. kassaka (O farmer)

Plural:

nara + ā = narā (O men)
mātula + ā = mātulā (O uncles)
kassaka + ā = kassakā (O farmers)

2. The full paradigm of the declension of masculine nouns ending in -a

Nara = man

  Singular Plural
Nominative naro narā
Accusative naraṃ nare
Insrumental narena narehi (narebhi)
Ablative narā, naramhā, narasmā narehi (narebhi)
Dative narāya, narassa narānaṃ
Genitive narassa narānaṃ
Locative nare, naramhi, narasmiṃ naresu
Vocative nara narā

3. Declension of neuter nouns ending in -a

Phala = fruit

  Singular Plural
Nominative phalaṃ phalā, phalāni
Accusative phalaṃ phale, phalāni
Vocative phala phalāni

The rest is similar to the declension of masculine nouns ending in -a.

Vocabulary

Neuter nouns ending in -a:

nayana / locana eye
udaka / jala water
arañña / vana forest
puppha / kusuma flower
geha / ghara house
āsana seat
paṇṇa leaf
tiṇa grass
khīra milk
nagara city, town
uyyāna park
khetta field
bhaṇḍa goods
sīla virtue, precept
dāna alms, charity
rūpa object
dvāra door
vattha cloth

Verbs:

vivarati opens
naccati dances
nikkhipati puts
uṭṭhahati gets up
phusati touches
anusāsati instructs
ovadati advises
saṃharati collects
āsiñcati sprinkles
akkosati scolds
bhindati breaks
pibati / pivati drinks

Exercise 8:

4. Translate into English:

1. Upāsako pupphāni āharati.
2. Araññe migā vasanti, rukkhesu makkaṭā caranti.
3. Goṇā tiṇaṃ khādanti.
4. Manussā nayanehi passanti.
5. Samaṇo vihārasmiṃ āsane nisīdati.
6. Rukkhamhā paṇṇāni patanti.
7. Vāṇijā gāmamhā khīraṃ nagaraṃ haranti.
8. Bhūpālo kumārena saddhiṃ uyyāne carati.
9. Kassako khettamhi kuddālena āvāṭe khaṇati.
10. Mātulo puttassa bhaṇḍāni dadāti.
11. Upāsakā samaṇānaṃ dānaṃ dadanti, sīlāni rakkhanti.
12. Dārakā mittehi saddhiṃ udakasmiṃ kīḷanti.
13. Kassakā vāṇijehi vatthāni labhanti.
14. Kumāro uyyānamhā mātulassa kusumāni āharati.
15. Brāhmaṇassa ajā goṇehi saha vane āhiṇḍanti, tiṇāni khādanti.
16. Sīho vanasmiṃ rukkhamūle (at the foot of a tree) nisīdati.
17. Rajakā udakena āsanāni dhovanti.
18. Amacco dūtena saddhiṃ rathena araññaṃ pavisati.
19. Yācakassa putto udakena paṇṇāni dhovati.
20. Vāṇijā bhaṇḍāni nagaramhā gāmaṃ āharanti.
21. Tathāgatassa sāvakā asappurisānaṃ putte anusāsanti.
22. Upāsakā udakena pupphāni āsiñcanti.
23. Kumāro pattaṃ bhindati, mātulo akkosati.
24. Luddakassa putto migassa kāyaṃ hatthena phusati.
25. Goṇo khette pāsāṇamhā uṭṭhahati.
26. Rajakassa putto sāṭake mañcasmiṃ nikkhipati.
27. Sugatassa sāvako vihārassa dvāraṃ vivarati.
28. Vejjassa dārakā gehe naccanti.
29. Paṇḍito asappurisaṃ ovadati.
30. Coro ācariyassa sakaṭaṃ pabbatasmiṃ pajahati.

5. Translate into Pāli:

1. Children play in the water with the dog.
2. The wicked man breaks leaves from the tree.
3. Kings go in vehicles to the park with their ministers.
4. Merchants set out from the city with goods.
5. Virtuous men give alms to monks.
6. Disciples of the Buddha assemble in the park with lay devotees.
7. The thief gets down from the tree in the forest.
8. Wicked men hit the monkeys on the trees with stones.
9. The doctor's horse eats grass with the ox on the road.
10. Jackals live in forests, dogs live in villages.
11. Brahmins sit on seats in the house of the wise man.
12. The sailor opens the doors of his house.
13. The sons of fishermen dance with friends in the park.
14. The merchant puts fish in baskets.
15. The world gets light from the sun.
16. Sailors get up from their seats.
17. The doctor's friend touches the body of the dog with his foot.
18. The Buddha instructs his disciples in the monastery.
19. Boys collect flowers from the park, lay devotees sprinkle them with water.
20. The parrot flies into the sky from the house of the sailor.
21. The thief cuts a tree with a saw, the farmer scolds (him).
22. The wise man advises the merchant, the merchant is pleased with the wise man.
23. The king's messenger comes out of the sea with the sailor.
24. Merchants bring clothes for farmers from the city.
25. Gods protect virtuous men. Good men protect virtues.
26. Men see objects with their eyes with (the help of) the light of the sun.
27. Leaves from the trees fall on the road.
28. Lay devotees place flowers on altars (pupphāsana).
29. Goats drink water from pits in the field.
30. The lions get up from the rock at the foot of the tree (rukkhamūla).

-ooOoo-


English: 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | Appendix

Workbook: 01-05 | 06-10 | 11-15 | 16-20 | 21-25 | 26-32

Vietnamese: 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | Phụ đính

"The Pāli Primer" is a publication of the Vipassana Research Institute (http://www.vri.dhamma.org).
It aims to provide an elementary understanding of the Pali language.


[Back to Main Index - Trở về trang Thư Mục]
last updated: 06-08-2004

Pali Primer
BuddhaSasana Home Page

Unicode VU-Times font


Pāli Primer

Lily de Silva, M.A., Ph.D.
University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

 Note: VU-Times font (Viet-Pali Unicode) is used in this document

Lesson XXX

Lesson 8

1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)

Vocative Case: The uninflected nominal base is used as the vocative singular.

The case ending -ā is added to form the vocative plural.

Singular:

1. nara (O man)
2. mātula (O uncle)
3. kassaka (O farmer)

Plural:

nara + ā = narā (O men)
mātula + ā = mātulā (O uncles)
kassaka + ā = kassakā (O farmers)

2. The full paradigm of the declension of masculine nouns ending in -a

Nara = man

  Singular Plural
Nominative naro narā
Accusative naraṃ nare
Insrumental narena narehi (narebhi)
Ablative narā, naramhā, narasmā narehi (narebhi)
Dative narāya, narassa narānaṃ
Genitive narassa narānaṃ
Locative nare, naramhi, narasmiṃ naresu
Vocative nara narā

3. Declension of neuter nouns ending in -a

Phala = fruit

  Singular Plural
Nominative phalaṃ phalā, phalāni
Accusative phalaṃ phale, phalāni
Vocative phala phalāni

The rest is similar to the declension of masculine nouns ending in -a.

Vocabulary

Neuter nouns ending in -a:

nayana / locana eye
udaka / jala water
arañña / vana forest
puppha / kusuma flower
geha / ghara house
āsana seat
paṇṇa leaf
tiṇa grass
khīra milk
nagara city, town
uyyāna park
khetta field
bhaṇḍa goods
sīla virtue, precept
dāna alms, charity
rūpa object
dvāra door
vattha cloth

Verbs:

vivarati opens
naccati dances
nikkhipati puts
uṭṭhahati gets up
phusati touches
anusāsati instructs
ovadati advises
saṃharati collects
āsiñcati sprinkles
akkosati scolds
bhindati breaks
pibati / pivati drinks

Exercise 8:

4. Translate into English:

1. Upāsako pupphāni āharati.
2. Araññe migā vasanti, rukkhesu makkaṭā caranti.
3. Goṇā tiṇaṃ khādanti.
4. Manussā nayanehi passanti.
5. Samaṇo vihārasmiṃ āsane nisīdati.
6. Rukkhamhā paṇṇāni patanti.
7. Vāṇijā gāmamhā khīraṃ nagaraṃ haranti.
8. Bhūpālo kumārena saddhiṃ uyyāne carati.
9. Kassako khettamhi kuddālena āvāṭe khaṇati.
10. Mātulo puttassa bhaṇḍāni dadāti.
11. Upāsakā samaṇānaṃ dānaṃ dadanti, sīlāni rakkhanti.
12. Dārakā mittehi saddhiṃ udakasmiṃ kīḷanti.
13. Kassakā vāṇijehi vatthāni labhanti.
14. Kumāro uyyānamhā mātulassa kusumāni āharati.
15. Brāhmaṇassa ajā goṇehi saha vane āhiṇḍanti, tiṇāni khādanti.
16. Sīho vanasmiṃ rukkhamūle (at the foot of a tree) nisīdati.
17. Rajakā udakena āsanāni dhovanti.
18. Amacco dūtena saddhiṃ rathena araññaṃ pavisati.
19. Yācakassa putto udakena paṇṇāni dhovati.
20. Vāṇijā bhaṇḍāni nagaramhā gāmaṃ āharanti.
21. Tathāgatassa sāvakā asappurisānaṃ putte anusāsanti.
22. Upāsakā udakena pupphāni āsiñcanti.
23. Kumāro pattaṃ bhindati, mātulo akkosati.
24. Luddakassa putto migassa kāyaṃ hatthena phusati.
25. Goṇo khette pāsāṇamhā uṭṭhahati.
26. Rajakassa putto sāṭake mañcasmiṃ nikkhipati.
27. Sugatassa sāvako vihārassa dvāraṃ vivarati.
28. Vejjassa dārakā gehe naccanti.
29. Paṇḍito asappurisaṃ ovadati.
30. Coro ācariyassa sakaṭaṃ pabbatasmiṃ pajahati.

5. Translate into Pāli:

1. Children play in the water with the dog.
2. The wicked man breaks leaves from the tree.
3. Kings go in vehicles to the park with their ministers.
4. Merchants set out from the city with goods.
5. Virtuous men give alms to monks.
6. Disciples of the Buddha assemble in the park with lay devotees.
7. The thief gets down from the tree in the forest.
8. Wicked men hit the monkeys on the trees with stones.
9. The doctor's horse eats grass with the ox on the road.
10. Jackals live in forests, dogs live in villages.
11. Brahmins sit on seats in the house of the wise man.
12. The sailor opens the doors of his house.
13. The sons of fishermen dance with friends in the park.
14. The merchant puts fish in baskets.
15. The world gets light from the sun.
16. Sailors get up from their seats.
17. The doctor's friend touches the body of the dog with his foot.
18. The Buddha instructs his disciples in the monastery.
19. Boys collect flowers from the park, lay devotees sprinkle them with water.
20. The parrot flies into the sky from the house of the sailor.
21. The thief cuts a tree with a saw, the farmer scolds (him).
22. The wise man advises the merchant, the merchant is pleased with the wise man.
23. The king's messenger comes out of the sea with the sailor.
24. Merchants bring clothes for farmers from the city.
25. Gods protect virtuous men. Good men protect virtues.
26. Men see objects with their eyes with (the help of) the light of the sun.
27. Leaves from the trees fall on the road.
28. Lay devotees place flowers on altars (pupphāsana).
29. Goats drink water from pits in the field.
30. The lions get up from the rock at the foot of the tree (rukkhamūla).

-ooOoo-


English: 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | Appendix

Workbook: 01-05 | 06-10 | 11-15 | 16-20 | 21-25 | 26-32

Vietnamese: 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | Phụ đính

"The Pāli Primer" is a publication of the Vipassana Research Institute (http://www.vri.dhamma.org).
It aims to provide an elementary understanding of the Pali language.


[Back to Main Index - Trở về trang Thư Mục]
last updated: 06-08-2004